The 12 Principles of Animation
Even in 3D, classic Disney principles still apply. They are the key to making computer-generated keyframes feel alive.
Timing & Spacing
Timing is the number of frames an action takes. Spacing is where the object is placed inside those frames. Closer spacing creates slow movements; wider spacing creates fast movements.
Anticipation
Always show the preparation for an action before it occurs. A character must bend their knees before jumping, or pull their arm back before a pitch.
Squash & Stretch
Gives the illusion of weight and flexibility. Even rigid objects need a tiny bit of squash and stretch to feel real under impacts.
Arcs
Almost no natural movement occurs in perfectly straight lines. Limbs, heads, and thrown objects should follow arched trajectories.
Follow-Through & Overlapping Action
When a character stops, loose elements (hair, clothes, limbs) should continue moving for a few frames before settling.